At that temperature dew begins to form, and water vapor condenses into a liquid.Īn instrument that measures the distribution of precipitation drop sizes in the atmosphere i.e. ![]() The temperature to which air must be cooled for saturation to occur, exclusive of air pressure or moisture content change. It is related to the number of drops per unit volume and the sixth power of drop diameter. The reference level for Z is 1 mm6 m−3, which is equal to 1 μm3. It is a meteorological measure of equivalent reflectivity (Z) of a radar signal reflected off a remote object. It may be either in a solid or liquid state.Ī scanning pattern for sensors in which the antenna traces a cone pattern around its central axis.ĭecibels of Z. Climate can be contrasted to weather, which is the present condition of these same elements and their variations over shorter time periods.Ī particle upon which water vapor condenses. NWP models can assimilate these observations during the initialisation process.Ī vertical pillar defined by a unit area on Earth's surface and bounded by the top of the atmosphere that is used to quantify an atmospheric parameter such as pressure, ozone, or precipitable water.Ī narrow, intense radar echo due to water-covered ice particles at the melting level where reflectivity is at its greatest.Ĭlimate encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elements in a given region over a long period of time. satellite, radar-networks, drifting buoys etc.) provide data at times other than these 'fixed hours' - these are designated non, or 'asynoptic' observations. Increasingly however, observing systems (e.g. Scientists use mathematical algorithms on computers to process the raw data from the GPM satellites into precipitation rates.Īs meteorology has developed, certain hours have been designated 'synoptic' hours, and observation times standardised around these points the MAIN synoptic hours currently being 00, 06, 12 and 18 UTC (formerly GMT), with intermediate hours at 03, 09, 15 and 21 UTC. Compare with passive sensor.Ī self-contained step-by-step set of operations to be performed. ![]() A remote-sensing system (e.g., an instrument) that transmits its own radiant energy to detect an object or area for observation and receives the reflected or transmitted energy.
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